Vaccine Information: GARDASIL 9 (Page 5 of 8)

14.4 Long term Follow-up of Individuals Vaccinated with GARDASIL 9

In an extension study of individuals in Study 2, 971 girls and 301 boys 9 through 15 years of age at enrollment who received a 3-dose regimen of GARDASIL 9 were actively followed from age 16 onwards for endpoint cases of HPV 6-, 11-, 16-, 18-, 31-, 33-, 45-, 52-, and 58-related persistent infection and disease. For girls, disease endpoints assessed included HPV 6-, 11-, 16-, 18-, 31-, 33-, 45-, 52-, and 58-related CIN (any grade), AIS, VIN, VaIN, external genital warts, cervical cancer, vulvar cancer and vaginal cancer. For boys, the disease endpoints assessed included HPV 6-, 11-, 16-, 18-, 31-, 33-, 45-, 52-, and 58-related PIN, external genital warts, penile cancer, perineal cancer and perianal cancer.

Analysis of the per-protocol population included 872 girls and 262 boys who completed the GARDASIL 9 vaccination series within one year, were seronegative to the relevant HPV type at initiation of the vaccination series and had not initiated sexual activity prior to receiving the third dose of GARDASIL 9. The median follow-up from the last dose of vaccine was 10.0 years with a range of 3.0 to 11.0 years in girls 9 through 15 years of age and 9.9 years with a range of 3.0 to 10.6 years in boys 9 through 15 years of age.

In girls, no cases of HPV 6-, 11-, 16-, 18-, 31-, 33-, 45-, 52-, and 58-related CIN 2/3, AIS, VIN, VaIN, external genital warts, cervical cancer, vulvar cancer or vaginal cancer were observed over a total of 4,576.1 person-years at risk. One case of CIN1 that tested positive for HPV 16, 39 and 59 by PCR was observed. In boys, no cases of HPV 6-, 11-, 16-, 18-, 31-, 33-, 45-, 52-, and 58-related PIN, external genital warts, penile cancer, perineal cancer or perianal cancer were observed over a total of 1,278.6 person-years at risk.

Incidence rates of vaccine HPV types-related persistent infections of at least 6 months duration in girls and boys observed during the study were 52.4 (95% CI: 33.6, 78.0) and 54.6 (95% CI: 21.9, 112.4) cases per 10,000 person-years, respectively, and within the range of incidence rates reported in vaccinated cohorts of similar age based on results from previous efficacy studies of GARDASIL 9, (which were 36.6 and 21.5 per 10,000 person years for HPV 6-, 11-, 16- and 18-related and HPV 31-, 33-, 45-, 52-, and 58-related persistent infections, respectively, in females in Study 1) and GARDASIL (which were 30 and 59 per 10,000 person-years, for HPV 6-, 11-, 16- and 18-related persistent infections in GARDASIL studies in females and males, respectively).

14.5 Effectiveness in Prevention of HPV-Related Oropharyngeal and Other Head and Neck Cancers

The effectiveness of GARDASIL 9 against oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58, is based on the effectiveness of GARDASIL and GARDASIL 9 to prevent anogenital disease caused by HPV types covered by the vaccine [see Clinical Studies (14.1, 14.2, 14.3)].

14.6 Immunogenicity of a 3-Dose Regimen

The minimum anti-HPV titer that confers protective efficacy has not been determined.

Type-specific immunoassays (i.e., cLIA) with type-specific standards were used to assess immunogenicity to each vaccine HPV type. These assays measured antibodies against neutralizing epitopes for each HPV type. The scales for these assays are unique to each HPV type; thus, comparisons across types and to other assays are not appropriate. Immunogenicity was measured by (1) the percentage of individuals who were seropositive for antibodies against the relevant vaccine HPV type, and (2) the Geometric Mean Titer (GMT).

Studies Supporting the Effectiveness of GARDASIL 9 against HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18

Effectiveness of GARDASIL 9 against persistent infection and disease related to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, or 18 was inferred from non-inferiority comparisons in Study 1 (16- through 26-year-old girls and women) and Study 3 (9- through 15-year-old girls) of GMTs following vaccination with GARDASIL 9 with those following vaccination with GARDASIL. A low number of efficacy endpoint cases related to HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 in both vaccination groups precluded a meaningful assessment of efficacy using disease endpoints associated with these HPV types. The primary analyses were conducted in the per-protocol population, which included subjects who received all three vaccinations within one year of enrollment, did not have major deviations from the study protocol, and were HPV-naïve. HPV-naïve individuals were defined as seronegative to the relevant HPV type(s) prior to dose 1 and among female subjects 16 through 26 years of age in Study 1 PCR negative to the relevant HPV type(s) in cervicovaginal specimens prior to dose 1 through Month 7.

Anti-HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 GMTs at Month 7 for GARDASIL 9 among girls 9 through 15 years of age and young women 16 through 26 years of age were non-inferior to those among the corresponding populations for GARDASIL (Table 8). At least 99.7% of individuals included in the analyses for each HPV type became seropositive by Month 7.

Table 8: Comparison of Immune Responses (Based on cLIA) Between GARDASIL 9 and GARDASIL for HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 in the PPI * Population of 9- through 26-Year-Old Girls and Women (Studies 1 and 3)
Population GARDASIL 9 GARDASIL GARDASIL 9/GARDASIL
N (n ) GMTmMU §/ mL N (n ) GMTmMU §/ mL GMTRatio (95% CI)
CI=Confidence Interval
GMT=Geometric Mean Titer
cLIA=competitive Luminex Immunoassay
*
The PPI population consisted of individuals who received all three vaccinations within pre-defined day ranges, did not have major deviations from the study protocol, met predefined criteria for the interval between the Month 6 and Month 7 visit, were naïve (PCR negative [among 16- through 26-year old girls and women] and seronegative) to the relevant HPV type(s) (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) prior to dose 1, and among 16- through 26-year-old girls and women remained PCR negative to the relevant HPV type(s) through one month post-dose 3 (Month 7). The data for 16- through 26-year-old girls and women are from Study 1 (NCT00543543), and the data for 9- through 15-year-old girls are from Study 3 (NCT01304498).
N=Number of individuals randomized to the respective vaccination group who received at least one injection
n=Number of individuals contributing to the analysis
§
mMU=milli-Merck Units
Demonstration of non-inferiority required that the lower bound of the 95% CI of the GMT ratio be greater than 0.67
Anti-HPV 6
9- through 15-year-old girls 300(273) 1679.4 300(261) 1565.9 1.07 (0.93, 1.23)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 6792(3993) 893.1 6795(3975) 875.2 1.02 (0.99, 1.06)
Anti-HPV 11
9- through 15-year-old girls 300(273) 1315.6 300(261) 1417.3 0.93 (0.80, 1.08)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 6792(3995) 666.3 6795(3982) 830.0 0.80 (0.77, 0.83)
Anti-HPV 16
9- through 15-year-old girls 300(276) 6739.5 300(270) 6887.4 0.97 (0.85, 1.11)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 6792(4032) 3131.1 6795(4062) 3156.6 0.99 (0.96, 1.03)
Anti-HPV 18
9- through 15-year-old girls 300(276) 1956.6 300(269) 1795.6 1.08 (0.91, 1.29)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 6792(4539) 804.6 6795(4541) 678.7 1.19 (1.14, 1.23)

Study Supporting the Effectiveness of GARDASIL 9 against Vaccine HPV Types in 9- through 15-Year-Old Girls and Boys

Effectiveness of GARDASIL 9 against persistent infection and disease related to vaccine HPV types in 9- through 15-year-old girls and boys was inferred from non-inferiority comparison conducted in the PPI population in Study 2 of GMTs following vaccination with GARDASIL 9 among 9- through 15-year-old girls and boys with those among 16- through 26-year-old girls and women. Anti-HPV GMTs at Month 7 among 9- through 15-year-old girls and boys were non-inferior to anti-HPV GMTs among 16- through 26-year-old girls and women (Table 9).

Table 9: Comparison of Immune Responses (Based on cLIA) between the PPI * Populations of 16- through 26-Year-Old Girls and Women, 9- through 15-Year-Old Girls, and 9- through 15-Year-Old Boys for All GARDASIL 9 Vaccine HPV Types (Study 2)
Population N n GMTmMU §/mL GMT Ratio relative to 16-through 26-year-old girls and women(95% CI)
cLIA=competitive Luminex Immunoassay
CI=Confidence Interval
GMT=Geometric Mean Titer
*
The PPI population consisted of individuals who received all three vaccinations within pre-defined day ranges, did not have major deviations from the study protocol, met predefined criteria for the interval between the Month 6 and Month 7 visit, were naïve (PCR negative [among 16- through 26-year old girls and women] and seronegative) to the relevant HPV type(s) prior to dose 1 and among 16- through 26-year-old girls and women remained PCR negative to the relevant HPV types through one month post-dose 3 (Month 7). The data are from Study 2 (NCT00943722).
N=Number of individuals randomized to the respective vaccination group who received at least one injection
n=Number of individuals contributing to the analysis
§
mMU=milli-Merck Units
Demonstration of non-inferiority required that the lower bound of the 95% CI of the GMT ratio be greater than 0.67
Anti-HPV 6
9- through 15-year-old girls 630 503 1703.1 1.89 (1.68, 2.12)
9- through 15-year-old boys 641 537 2083.4 2.31 (2.06, 2.60)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 463 328 900.8 1
Anti-HPV 11
9- through 15-year-old girls 630 503 1291.5 1.83 (1.63, 2.05)
9- through 15-year-old boys 641 537 1486.3 2.10 (1.88, 2.36)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 463 332 706.6 1
Anti-HPV 16
9- through 15-year-old girls 630 513 6933.9 1.97 (1.75, 2.21)
9- through 15-year-old boys 641 546 8683.0 2.46 (2.20, 2.76)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 463 329 3522.6 1
Anti-HPV 18
9- through 15-year-old girls 630 516 2148.3 2.43 (2.12, 2.79)
9- through 15-year-old boys 641 544 2855.4 3.23 (2.83, 3.70)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 463 345 882.7 1
Anti-HPV 31
9- through 15-year-old girls 630 506 1894.7 2.51 (2.21, 2.86)
9- through 15-year-old boys 641 543 2255.3 2.99 (2.63, 3.40)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 463 340 753.9 1
Anti-HPV 33
9- through 15-year-old girls 630 518 985.8 2.11 (1.88, 2.37)
9- through 15-year-old boys 641 544 1207.4 2.59 (2.31, 2.90)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 463 354 466.8 1
Anti-HPV 45
9- through 15-year-old girls 630 518 707.7 2.60 (2.25, 3.00)
9- through 15-year-old boys 641 547 912.1 3.35 (2.90, 3.87)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 463 368 272.2 1
Anti-HPV 52
9- through 15-year-old girls 630 517 962.2 2.21 (1.96, 2.49)
9- through 15-year-old boys 641 545 1055.5 2.52 (2.22, 2.84)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 463 337 419.6 1
Anti-HPV 58
9- through 15-year-old girls 630 516 1288.0 2.18 (1.94, 2.46)
9- through 15-year-old boys 641 544 1593.3 2.70 (2.40, 3.03)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 463 332 590.5 1

Study Supporting the Effectiveness of GARDASIL 9 against Vaccine HPV Types in 16- through 26-Year-Old Boys and Men

Effectiveness of GARDASIL 9 against persistent infection and disease related to vaccine HPV types in 16- through 26-year-old boys and men was inferred from non-inferiority comparison conducted in the PPI population in Study 7 of GMTs following vaccination with GARDASIL 9 among 16- through 26-year-old HM with those among 16- through 26-year-old girls and women. Anti-HPV GMTs at Month 7 among 16- through 26-year-old HM were non-inferior to anti-HPV GMTs among 16- through 26-year-old girls and women (Table 10). Study 7 also enrolled 313 16- through 26-year-old HIV-negative MSM. At Month 7, anti-HPV GMT ratios for MSM relative to HM ranged from 0.6 to 0.8, depending on HPV type. The GMT ratios for MSM relative to HM were generally similar to those previously observed in clinical trials with GARDASIL.

Table 10: Comparison of Immune Responses (Based on cLIA) between the PPI * Populations of 16- through 26-Year-Old Girls and Women and 16- through 26-Year-Old Boys and Men Self-Identified as Heterosexual (HM) for All GARDASIL 9 Vaccine HPV Types (Study 7)
Population N n GMTmMU §/mL GMT Ratio relative to 16- through 26-year-old girls and women(95% CI)
cLIA=competitive Luminex Immunoassay
CI=Confidence Interval
GMT=Geometric Mean Titer
*
The PPI population consisted of individuals who received all three vaccinations within pre-defined day ranges, did not have major deviations from the study protocol, met predefined criteria for the interval between the Month 6 and Month 7 visit, and were seronegative to the relevant HPV type(s) (types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) prior to dose 1. The data are from Study 7 (NCT01651949).
Number of individuals randomized to the respective vaccination group who received at least one injection
Number of individuals contributing to the analysis
§
mMU=milli-Merck Units
Demonstration of non-inferiority required that the lower bound of the 95% CI of the GMT ratio be greater than 0.67
Anti-HPV 6
16- through 26-year-old HM 1103 847 782.0 1.11 (1.02, 1.21)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 1099 708 703.9 1
Anti-HPV 11
16- through 26-year-old HM 1103 851 616.7 1.09 (1.00, 1.19)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 1099 712 564.9 1
Anti-HPV 16
16- through 26-year-old HM 1103 899 3346.0 1.20 (1.10, 1.30)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 1099 781 2788.3 1
Anti-HPV 18
16- through 26-year-old HM 1103 906 808.2 1.19 (1.08, 1.31)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 1099 831 679.8 1
Anti-HPV 31
16- through 26-year-old HM 1103 908 708.5 1.24 (1.13, 1.37)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 1099 826 570.1 1
Anti-HPV 33
16- through 26-year-old HM 1103 901 384.8 1.19 (1.10, 1.30)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 1099 853 322.0 1
Anti-HPV 45
16- through 26-year-old HM 1103 909 235.6 1.27 (1.14, 1.41)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 1099 871 185.7 1
Anti-HPV 52
16- through 26-year-old HM 1103 907 386.8 1.15 (1.05, 1.26)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 1099 849 335.2 1
Anti-HPV 58
16- through 26-year-old HM 1103 897 509.8 1.25 (1.14, 1.36)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 1099 839 409.3 1

Study Supporting the Effectiveness of GARDASIL 9 against Vaccine HPV Types in 27- through 45-Year-Old Women

Effectiveness of GARDASIL 9 against persistent infection and disease related to vaccine HPV types in 27- through 45-year-old women was supported by immunobridging comparisons conducted in the PPI population in Study 9. In Study 9, the GMT ratios of anti-HPV responses at Month 7 among 27- through 45-year-old women relative to anti-HPV responses among 16- through 26-year-old girls and women met the success criteria of having the lower bound of the 95% CI of the GMT ratios greater than 0.50 for HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 (Table 11).

Table 11: Comparison of Immune Responses (Based on cLIA) Between the PPI * Populations of 27- through 45 Year-Old Women and 16- through 26-Year-Old Girls and Women for GARDASIL 9 Vaccine HPV Types (Study 9)
Population N n GMTmMU §/mL GMT Ratio relative to 16-through 26-year-old girls and women (95% CI)
cLIA=Competitive Luminex Immunoassay
CI=Confidence Interval
GMT=Geometric Mean Titers
*
The PPI population consisted of individuals who received all 3 vaccinations within pre-defined day ranges, did not have major deviations from the study protocol, met predefined criteria for the interval between the Month 6 and Month 7 visit, and were seronegative to the relevant HPV type(s) (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) prior to dose 1. The data are from Study 9 (NCT03158220).
Number of individuals randomized to the respective vaccination group who received at least 1 injection
Number of individuals contributing to the analysis
§
mMU=milli-Merck Units
Immunobridging required that the lower bound of the 95% CI of the GMT ratio be greater than 0.50
#
N.D=Not Determined. GMT ratios were not calculated because immunobridging comparison was not specified in the study protocol for HPV types 6 and 11.
Anti-HPV 6
27- through 45-year-old women 640 448 638.4 N.D #
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 570 421 787.8 N.D #
Anti-HPV 11
27- through 45-year-old women 640 448 453.5 N.D #
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 570 421 598.7 N.D #
Anti-HPV 16
27- through 45-year-old women 640 448 2,147.5 0.70 (0.63, 0.77)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 570 436 3,075.8 1
Anti-HPV 18
27- through 45-year-old women 640 471 532.1 0.71 (0.64, 0.80)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 570 421 744.5 1
Anti-HPV 31
27- through 45-year-old women 640 488 395.7 0.66 (0.60, 0.74)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 570 447 596.1 1
Anti-HPV 33
27- through 45-year-old women 640 493 259.0 0.73 (0.67, 0.80)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 570 457 354.5 1
Anti-HPV 45
27- through 45-year-old women 640 515 145.6 0.68 (0.60, 0.76)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 570 470 214.9 1
Anti-HPV 52
27- through 45-year-old women 640 496 244.7 0.71 (0.64, 0.78)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 570 456 346.5 1
Anti-HPV 58
27- through 45-year-old women 640 478 296.4 0.69 (0.63, 0.76)
16- through 26-year-old girls and women 570 451 428.0 1

Immune Response to GARDASIL 9 across All Clinical Trials

Across all clinical trials, at least 99.2% of individuals included in the analyses for each of the nine vaccine HPV types became seropositive by Month 7. Anti-HPV GMTs at Month 7 among 9- through 15-year-old girls and boys and 16- through 26-year-old boys and men were comparable to anti-HPV responses among 16- through 26-year-old girls and women in the combined database of immunogenicity studies for GARDASIL 9.

Persistence of Immune Response to GARDASIL 9

In an extension study of individuals in Study 2, among girls and boys 9 through 15 years of age at enrollment (range of 494 to 525 subjects with evaluable data across HPV types) and followed for 10 years post dose 3, anti-HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58 GMTs as measured by cLIA were decreased compared with corresponding values at one-month post-dose 3. The proportion of seropositive subjects ranged from 99.6% to 100% at one month post-dose 3 and from 81.3% to 97.7% at 10 years post-dose 3, depending on HPV type.

Administration of GARDASIL 9 to Individuals Previously Vaccinated with GARDASIL

Study 4 evaluated the immunogenicity of 3 doses of GARDASIL 9 in 921 girls and women (12 through 26 years of age) who had previously been vaccinated with 3 doses of GARDASIL. Prior to enrollment in the study, over 99% of subjects had received three injections of GARDASIL within a one year period. The time interval between the last injection of GARDASIL and the first injection of GARDASIL 9 ranged from approximately 12 to 36 months.

Seropositivity to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 in the per protocol population ranged from 98.3 to 100% by Month 7 in individuals who received GARDASIL 9. The anti-HPV 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58 GMTs for the population previously vaccinated with GARDASIL were 25-63% of the GMTs in the combined populations from Studies 1, 2, 3, and 5, who had not previously received GARDASIL, although the clinical relevance of these differences is unknown. Efficacy of GARDASIL 9 in preventing infection and disease related to HPV Types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 in individuals previously vaccinated with GARDASIL has not been assessed.

Concomitant Use of Hormonal Contraceptives

Among 7,269 female recipients of GARDASIL 9 (16 through 26 years of age), 60.2% used hormonal contraceptives during the vaccination period of clinical studies 1 and 2. Use of hormonal contraceptives did not appear to affect the type of specific immune responses to GARDASIL 9.

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